LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF SIDOARJO CITY

Linguistic landscape research has been administered in different parts of the world by several researchers. However, linguistic landscape research in Indonesia is still limited in number. To respond to the scarcity of linguistic landscape study in Indonesia, the present research discusses the visible languages and the proportions of top-down and bottom-up signs in Sidoarjo City. The functions of the signs are also identified. Data were collected from signs in some public places and along the main roads of Sidoarjo City. The results of the study show that the linguistic landscape is dominated by Indonesian. English is used more frequently than Arabic. Surprisingly, Javanese as the mother tongue for the majority of the society of Sidoarjo is rarely used. Some other Asian languages are also apparent in the shopping centers. Description and explanation of the functions of the signs are also presented.


INTRODUCTION
Linguistic landscape, (henceforth, LL), as a relatively new approach in linguistics, describes the choice of language in public signs in urban spaces; and it portrays signage that represents natural scenery (Backhaus, 2007;Gorter, 2006). LL is a written form that is visible in public areas. The term linguistic landscape was firstly introduced by Landry and Bourhis (1997) stating as follows: "The language of public road signs, advertising billboards, street names, place names, commercial shop signs, and public signs on government buildings combines to form the linguistic landscape of a given territory, region, or urban agglomeration" (p. 25).
LL research has attracted the interest of several researchers, for example, Haynes (2012), Akindele (2011), Bogatto and Hélot (2010), Takhtarova, Kalegina and Yarullina (2015), Thongtong (2016), Sutthinaraphan (2016), Koskinen (2012), and Chesnut and Schulte (2013). LL research has also been carried out in universities (Yavari, 2014;Haynes, 2012), neighbourhood city (Dixson, 2015;Gaiser & Matras, 2016;Gorter, 2007;Tan, 2012), and tourist places (Thongtong, 2016;Moriarty, 2013). Studies on LL have also been conducted in NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching Volume 9, No 2, September 2018 97 different parts of the world (see, for example, Landry & Bourhis, 1997;Gorter, 2007;Lawrence, 2012;Mahajneh & Shohamy, 2012;Said & Rohmah, in press). Landry & Bourhis (1997) conducted a study among French Canadian minorities across Canada. They introduced the concept of LL through the investigation of sociolinguistics aspects of the embryonic concept in the area of language planning. This study also relates the discussion to the idea of ethnolinguistic vitality and a model of bilingual development. The results of the study suggest the importance of considering LL as one of sociolinguistic factors contributing to the vitality of competing ethnolinguistic groups in a multilingual society. Gorter (2007) focused his linguistic landscape research on four different neighborhoods (with 12 different streets) in Rome. He tried to find major diversities in the districts and compared the top-down and bottom up signs. His LL research also aimed at describing the characteristics of bilingual and multilingual signs to better understand the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural city of Rome. The descriptive approach to the LL as used in this study is an additional tool to measure the diversity of languages in the sociolinguistic context. Gorter argues that LL has an added value because of the impact it can have on the people; therefore, he suggests for other researchers to interview those who see the signs and those who write the private signs to know their intentions.
An LL study has been done through a longitudinal ethnography by Peck and Banda (2014) in Cape Town, South Africa. The research was executed for about three years. They did not only analyse the visible signs but also the architecture of the buildings. The findings show that linguistic landscape changes overtime. Linguistic landscape may not only reveal appropriation and ownership of space, but may also function to conceal ownership, in what they term as brand concealment (Peck & Banda, 2014:321).
An LL research project was also done in Tokyo by Backhaus (2007). He focuses on urban language contact in the written medium, that is, the languages of Tokyo's signs.
Although Tokyo is a largely monolingual society with only 3.6% registered foreign residents, the city presents a surprisingly multilingual landscape: English, Japanese, Chinese, Korean and Latin are present in Tokyo's signs. He found out three key features developing the multilingual landscape. The first is top-down changes encouraging the internationalization of the city. The second is the growth of non-Japanese population within the areas of the city, and the last is the openness and acceptance of the Japanese population to foreign languages and particularly English. He also draws some general conclusions about LL as it applies to the analysis of visual signs in urban areas. The findings show that a considerable number of signs containing languages other than Japanese address a predominantly Japanese readership. The use of multilingualism on signs, however, is highly appreciated.
Unlike Backhaus who studies Tokyo's signs in all available languages, Lawrence (2012) focused his study mainly on Korean English linguistic landscape in different regions of Seoul and Korea in general by utilizing sociolinguistic theories of social stratification, gravity and cascade models. Public signs in different regions of Seoul, Gangnam, Sadang, Ttukseom, Itaewon, Insadong, Namdemun market, Dongdaemun market, Bundang, Suwon, Shinduri, Busan, Everland, public transportation and bridges were photographed and analyzed in terms of the percentage of English, Korean, Konglish, and Chinese. English is found in the physical domains of main streets, amusement parks and foreign districts, in the product domains of beer, wine and clothing, and in the sociolinguistic domains of modernity, luxury and youth.
LL research concerning to the use of Arabic is also administered by Said and Rohmah (in press). They are interested in knowing whether Arabic is still used in Spain where Arabic was used for about seven centuries during the Muslim era and was banned by the government since the Christian rulers governed the Spanish Peninsula in the fifteen centuries. The results show that Arabic is not totally erased from the peninsula. In the state discource circle where Spanish should be used because it is the official language, Arabic language is not visible in the signs, but it is contained in the toponyms apparent in the road signs as many of the place names were borrowed from the Arabic in the past and the government just could not erase that. Arabic is maintained in commercial discourse circle to attract more customers to come.
Arabac is also used in collective identity circle to show attachment among the Muslim society In spite of the abundance research on LL in different parts of the world, LL research in Indonesia is very limited. Among the small number of the Indonesian LL research are done by Oktavianus, Anwar and Revita (2017) and Yannuar and Tabiati (2016). Oktavianus, Anwar and Revita's (2017) LL study focused on names and cultural values of Rumah Makan Minang existing in Sumatra, Java, Bali and Lombok. While the names are derived from names of Minang people, parts of body connected to eating activity, organism, sensation, provenance, hope and prayers from family; the values are undiversified, faithfulness and friendliness. In addition, Yannuar and Tabiati (2016) who focused their study on two different parts of Malang found out that Indonesian has a strong position in LL of Malang while Javanese as the local language seems to have no place in Malang LL and English as an international language is connected to lifestyle and modernity.
To respond to the scarcity of LL research in Indonesia, the current study tries to identify visible languages in the LL of Sidoarjo--both top-down and bottom-up signs--and the NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching Volume 9, No 2, September 2018 99 functions of the different languages in the signs. The present research is aimed to see whether similar trends found out by Yannuar and Tabiati (2016) also occur in Sidoarjo, another city about 71 kilometers north from Malang. Both Malang and Sidoarjo are located in East Java; however, they have some differences. Malang has a strong reputation in education and tourism, while Sidoarjo is well-known as industrial and trade area. Malang is the second biggest city in East Java after the Capital Surabaya, while Sidoarjo is a smaller city adjacent to Surabaya.

RESEARCH METHOD
The current research was done in Sidoarjo City which is one part of the urban areas surrounding Surabaya, the second biggest city in Indonesia after the Capital City of Jakarta.
The data were collected from some public places in Sidoarjo City: train station, Larangan market, Central Park, Shopping Centers (Lippo Plaza Mall, and Sun City Mall) and the neighborhood of some main roads in the city, along Jalan Diponegoro, Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Pahlawan. These areas were chosen for photographing the data since these places are the center of the city attracting many people to visit.
Most LL studies have been conducted using quantitative analysis (Lanza & Woldermariam, 2014:497) and the analysis relies on photography and visual analysis (Akindele, 2011:5). From the total of 311 signs that have been photographed from public spaces in Sidoarjo, only 200 signs were analyzed. This is because many of the data have similarities with the other data. For example, the ninety nine Asmaul Khusna signs are written with the same pattern and design; therefore, they are counted as one. The signs included advertising billboards, place names, commercial shop signs and public signs. Visible public signs in the areas that were chosen were photographed using a digital camera.
The collected data were divided into top-down and bottom-up. 'Top-down' or government signs included those issued by national and public bureaucracy and public institutions, for instance, signs on public sites, public announcement, public building names, and street names. 'Bottom-up' or commercial private items, on the other hand, included those which were issued by individuals, social actors, shop owners and companies, such as, names of shops, signs on businesses and personal announcements (Gorter, 2006: 14). In addition to identify the kinds of languages displayed in Sidoarjo LL, the functions of the signs are then analyzed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This part presents kinds of languages visible in Sidoarjo, proportions of top-down and bottom up signs, and functions of the signs.

Languages in Sidoarjo LL
The results of this research show that there are some languages that exist in public places in Sidoarjo: Indonesian, English, Thai, Chinese, Javanese, Arabic, Japanese and Korean. The use of monolingual, bilingual and trilingual signs are observable in the area.

Figure 1. Visible Languages in Sidoarjo LL
The pie chart above indicates that Indonesian language constitutes the biggest element of LL in Sidoarjo City. It is not surprising since Indonesian is the national language in the Republic of Indonesia. As an international language, English is the second biggest language (20%) apparent in the signage. However, the combination of Indonesian and English in a sign has a bigger amount (22%) than the use of English alone. Javanese, the mother tongue of most people in Sidoarjo, only has 1% in the usage in Sidoarjo LL.
In terms of the occurrence of bilingual signs, Indonesian-English are the highest (22%) followed by Indonesian-Arabic (5%), English-other languages (5%), and Indonesian-Javanese (1%). English-other languages includes English-Japanese, English-Chinese, English-Arabic and English-Thai. The occurrence of trilingual signs--Indonesian, English, and Chinese--is only 3%. Other monolingual signs of Japanese and Korean are included as others which are only 2%.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This part presents kinds of languages visible in Sidoarjo, proportions of top-down and bottom up signs, and functions of the signs.

Languages in Sidoarjo LL
The results of this research show that there are some languages that exist in public places in Sidoarjo: Indonesian, English, Thai, Chinese, Javanese, Arabic, Japanese and Korean. The use of monolingual, bilingual and trilingual signs are observable in the area.

Figure 1. Visible Languages in Sidoarjo LL
The pie chart above indicates that Indonesian language constitutes the biggest element of LL in Sidoarjo City. It is not surprising since Indonesian is the national language in the Republic of Indonesia. As an international language, English is the second biggest language (20%) apparent in the signage. However, the combination of Indonesian and English in a sign has a bigger amount (22%) than the use of English alone. Javanese, the mother tongue of most people in Sidoarjo, only has 1% in the usage in Sidoarjo LL.
In terms of the occurrence of bilingual signs, Indonesian-English are the highest (22%) followed by Indonesian-Arabic (5%), English-other languages (5%), and Indonesian-Javanese

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This part presents kinds of languages visible in Sidoarjo, proportions of top-down and bottom up signs, and functions of the signs.

Languages in Sidoarjo LL
The results of this research show that there are some languages that exist in public places in Sidoarjo: Indonesian, English, Thai, Chinese, Javanese, Arabic, Japanese and Korean. The use of monolingual, bilingual and trilingual signs are observable in the area.

Figure 1. Visible Languages in Sidoarjo LL
The pie chart above indicates that Indonesian language constitutes the biggest element of LL in Sidoarjo City. It is not surprising since Indonesian is the national language in the Republic of Indonesia. As an international language, English is the second biggest language (20%) apparent in the signage. However, the combination of Indonesian and English in a sign has a bigger amount (22%) than the use of English alone. Javanese, the mother tongue of most people in Sidoarjo, only has 1% in the usage in Sidoarjo LL.
In terms of the occurrence of bilingual signs, Indonesian-English are the highest (22%) followed by Indonesian-Arabic (5%), English-other languages (5%), and Indonesian-Javanese      English-Indonesian accompanied by the use of other languages, such as, Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and Thai since those languages are unfamiliar for some people in Sidoarjo.

Top-down and Bottom-up Signs
With regard to top-down or public signs and bottom-up or private signs, it was found out that 35% of the signs are public signs and the rest are private signs.  In line with Gorter's (2006:14) statement that bottom up signs include names of shops, advertisements, private business signs, private announcements, and Akindele's(2011) explanation that shopping centers and traditional market are places where bottom-up signs are located, this study found out that foreign languages are easily prevalent in shopping centers in Sidoarjo. Owners of outlets or shops use foreign languages to attract the customers.
However, although foreign languages are easily found there, Indonesian language still dominates the private signs in Sidoarjo.

Functions of Signs in Sidoarjo LL
There are six functions of signs available in public places in Sidoarjo. The first function is to provide information and regulation. As apparent in a public sign (Figure 5), the sign gives information to the pedestrian to 'cross the street in a group as long as the traffic light shows the red light'. Indonesian language is inscribed in the sign to make people understand the meaning more easily since the sign is intended for Sidoarjo community.

Figure 5. A Public Sign in Indonesian Language
Other signs written in Indonesian language can be easily found in Sidoarjo City. Most Indonesian language signs can be found in the public places managed by the government, such as, market, train station and along the streets.
The second function of the signs is to symbolize something. Indonesian language is not only applied for informative signs but also used to represent certain symbols. The use of Indonesian in the advertisement can identify the owner of the shops. Scollon and Scollon (2003) distinguish between symbolic and indexical functions of bilingual signs. They claim that languages on signs either index the community to which they belong or "symbolise something about the product or business which has nothing to do with the place in which it is located" (p. 119). Figure 6. Toko "Jadi Hasil" The sign above may indicate that the owner of the shop is an Indonesian since the name of the shop is taken from Indonesian language. The name of the shop which is uncommon consists of two words "Jadi Hasil." Names of shops are usually only one word of a noun or an adjective. The picture above shows that the owner prefers to use two-word formation of verb phrase. The use of the apostrophes "…" mitigates the uncommonness of the shop name. The name board apparent in Jalan Gajah Mada symbolizes the owner's hope that the shop will generate income for him/her.
The third function of signs is to conserve local language. Javanese is the mother tongue of most inhabitants of Sidoarjo City. However, Javanese language and inscription are rarely discovered; only six signs are found using Javanese. The signs are located in Central Park, Shopping Center and Jalan Diponegoro. Two signs of Javanese are public signs created by the government, while the other signs belong to individuals or private signs. One of the public signs in the Central Park is written in Javanese script (see Figure 7). The inscription of the Javanese alphabet by Sidoarjo Government is to conserve the Javanese language. The Javanese script 'Jayandaru' is inscribed to represent the monument named Jayandaru.
Javanese script is rarely used in this modern era. The usage of Javanese script has important role in the societies to conserve the language.
In addition to that, signs also have the fourth function, which is, to show and introduce the identity. The usage of the Javanese script is to show the identity of the monument as a place located in Java and to introduce the Javanese script to the strangers. The sign also contains Indonesian, since the sign has been created by the government. The Indonesian language in the sign above has the function to give the information of Jayandaru monument, while the Javanese is used to show the identity as a monument built in Java.
Similar to the use of Javanese, Arabic is also used to show identity as Muslims. Arabic   The last function of the signs, especially, the ones using foreign languages, is for economic purposes, that is, to elevate the position of the products and to attract more customers. Economic purposes are more for private signs. English can also represent prestige and social status, since not all of the society can speak English and know the language. The use of English also raises issues of identity and power and thus can have consequences for the balance between the different languages in multilingual situations (Pennycook, 1994;Phillipson, 2003). English signs for economic purposes can be easily found in the Shopping Centers. Most shop names in the Shopping Center use English. Figure 11. Shop Name Using English The picture above as a private sign includes English. The sign tells customers that the shop only sells children's equipment. The sign using English symbolizes the prestige of the shop.
The adjective word of Cool in the sign can represent expensive stuff because of the meaning of the word itself and the 'Englishness' of the word. The use of English is often associated with values such as "international orientation, modernity, success, sophistication or fun" (Piller, 2001). The Cool Kids attracts parents who are looking for clothes for children both boys and girls. The use of the light in the sign adds the attractiveness of the sign; hence, invites more people to come.
In addition to English, Japanese, Chinese, Thai and Korean are also used to attract more customers. Japan as a modern country in Asia has a role in the development of multilingualism in Indonesia. Japanese signs also exist in Sidoarjo City but the signs are commonly discovered in the shopping center as private signs--none has been found in government signs. Japanese language is mostly used for the names of restaurant. Four kinds of Japanese signs are found in the Shopping Centers (Lippo Plaza and Sun City). One sign located in Lippo Plaza and the three more are located in Sun City. All of the signs are restaurant names and menus of the restaurants. The restaurant name is written in Japanese only, while other signs are written in bilingual English-Japanese. There is no bilingual Indonesian and Japanese in Sidoarjo linguistic landscape.   Figure 13 shows one of the menus in a Japanese restaurant written in bilingual Japanese-English. The menu is written in Japanese script below the Latin inscription of the menu. The owner also provides the picture of the menu above the script. The sign gives the information of the Chicken Teriyaki Bento Set to the customers who would like to order the Japanese food.
The sign above also symbolizes the fancy restaurant. It can be seen from the picture of the menu that the Chicken Teriyaki Bento Set is served with fresh meat, chicken and fish.
Five Chinese signs are also discovered in Sidoarjo LL. All of the signs are private signs.
Chinese language never stands alone in any sign; it is always used in bilingual form of Chinese-English and Chinese-Indonesian. Chinese signs are found in the restaurant name, beverage stall name and advertising banner.

Figure 14.Shaolin Moxibusion Plaster
The Chinese sign above is discovered in the Shopping Center. The sign contains advertisement of a Chinese product. The Chinese script is used to name the product and it is written in red colour and the translation in English Shaolin Moxibustion Plaster is given below. The owner also puts the picture of the product. The Chinese sign above provides information to the customers about the plaster that is used by shaolin masters in Chinese.
Beside giving information of the product, the sign also symbolizes the product. From the advertisement above, the customers know that the product is made in China.  Thai and Korean languages as part of the Asian languages are also displayed in the signs of shops and beverage stall in Sidoarjo. Two signs of beverage stall using Thai language are apparent in the Shopping Centers. Two signs using Korean are also discovered in different places, that is, Larangan market and the shopping centre.

Figure 17. Thai Station
The sign above uses Thai language inscribed in Thai alphabet. As a sign belongs to a private ownership, the sign above is colorful. In addition to the Thai name and inscription, the restaurant also puts its name in English'Thai Station.' The inscription of the name Thai Station is made in such a way that it resembles Thai inscription. The English word written in the Latin alphabet has a role to help customers understand the meaning of the Thai script on top of the name-board. While the Thai inscription tells customers that the stall serves beverages of Thailand product, the elephant picture strengthens the symbol of Thailand. The function of the private sign above is to attract prospective customers who might want food of different country that is considered as more prestigious; hence, it is used for business purposes.

Figure 18. Manse
The use of Korean in Sidoarjo LL is less than other languages, eventhoughthe use of Korean language spreads widely in Indonesia, especially,among the teenagers. The sign above is intended to address the teenage customers who love Korean culture and want to taste Korean food. The sign is written in two forms:Korean script and Latin alphabet. The Korean script reads Mansewhich means 'long live'. The function of the sign is for economic purposes. The use of Korean script in the name of the sign will make customers eager to buy the products.
In addition to foreign languages, Javanese is also used to attract more customers; hence, it is used for economic purposes. Another sign using Javanese language is found in the shopping center 'Sun City of Sidoarjo' as apparent in Figure 19.

Figure 19 . Sego Njamoer
The sign above is of individual ownership. The usage of Javanese language, in addition to show the identity of the owner, is also aimed for business purpose to attract the customers.
Javanese language is rarely used for name of shops or food stall in Sidoarjo. The unique name sometimes can invite more customers to come, at least, it is likely to be easily imprinted in mind. The stall name reads Sego Njamoer that means 'Moldy Mushroom' in English. The owner also adds with an illustration of a mushroom cartoon holding rice on the right hand.
The results show that Indonesian is the most prominent language in LL of Sidoarjo City. It is not surprising since Indonesian is the official language in Indonesia. This finding shows similarity with that of Yannuar and Tabiati (2016:132-133) reporting that the Indonesian language has the strong and secured position in the LL of Malang City. While Javanese seems to disappear in the above research in Malang, Javanese as the mother tongue of the majority of the people in Sidoarjo is displayed in less number of signs in Sidoarjo LL. Javanese is conserved in the sign to show Javanese identity in certain places.
Ironically, English in Sidoarjo LL has bigger number of use than that of Javanese. This is because English represents prestige and social status, hence, the use of English in the signs NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching Volume 9, No 2, September 2018 113 may elevate the power of the product offered by the owner of the signs. This is in line with Yannuar and Tabiati's (2016) study that the use of English in Malang is associated with lifestyle and modernity and Lawrence's (2012) study that English served as a marker of modernity, luxury and youth (p. 21). All these aspects are likely to attract more customers to see and buy the products. With regard to bilingual signs of Indonesian-English, they appear the most often in Sidoarjo LL. This seems to support Schlick's (2003) observation that "signs which are multilingual tend to include English as one of the languages, not just in the capital cities but also provincial towns and villages." Moreover, the dominance of English over Arabic in the Sidoarjo LL is apparent from the absence of monolingual Arabic in the signs while monolingual English is apparent as many as 31%. Bilingual Indonesian-English (22%) is also bigger in number compared to Indonesian-Arabic (5%). This shows that the desire to be associated with prestige, social status, and modernity among Sidoarjo inhabitants is much higher than the want to show their identity as Muslims. This is because signs within the linguistic landscape serve both informational and symbolic functions (Landry & Bourhis, 1997). Informative language indicates the borders of the territory of a linguistic group. The signs of the territory show that a specific language or languages are available for communication, e.g., to sell products, to show directions, and to name buildings. Private signs often display more linguistic diversity than government signs, as private signs are often less regulated and included in a territory's freedom of speech rights.
The linguistic landscape constitutes the very scene made of streets, corners, circuses, parks, and buildings where society's public life takes place. As such, this carries a crucial sociosymbolic importance as it actually identifies and thus serves as the emblem of societies, communities, and regions (Hult, 2009: 90).
The number of top-down signs in the LL of Sidoarjo City is less than the bottom-up ones.
Indonesian is the most prominent language both in public and private signs, while English and other foreign languages are displayed more frequently in signs of private ownership. It can be seen from the names of the shops in the shopping mall, most of which use English rather than Indonesian; meanwhile, for other foreign languages are used for the name of food stalls or beverages or restaurants. The bilinguals of Indonesian-Arabic are used by the government for the 99 names of Allah (Asmaul Husna) along the middle of the main street and the name of masjid or areas surrounding it. The use of Javanese and English in the government signs is very small in number. Landry and Bourhis (1997) distinguish between the informative and symbolic functions of language signs. Informative function in the signs is mostly used on Indonesian signs under the government. It is mostly located in the streets for giving direction and giving information on the repair of the streets. Informative function can also be used under the private ownership.
It is mostly used on the menus of restaurant sign. Furthermore, symbolic function can be found in the language of the private signs; mostly, the languages symbolize the identity of the shop's owner. Hult (2009) says signs in specific places can symbolize the socio-symbolic: the communities, societies, and regions. It can be seen from the bilingual signs of Arabic and Indonesian which symbolize that the majority of the people in Sidoarjo are Muslim. Another function of linguistic landscape besides informative and symbolic is to communicate or it has business purposes, e.g. to sell the product. Foreign languages are mostly used for business purposes to attract the customers.

CONCLUSION
This study shows the varieties of languages that exist in Sidoarjo LL. It reports that Indonesian is the most conspicuouslanguage in signs. Javanese as the mother tongue of Sidoarjo communities has a small number of usage in the signage compared to English.
English is even used more frequently compared to Arabic. Other foreign languages apparent in Sidoarjo LL are Asian languages, such as, Japanese, Chinese, Korean and Thai which are mostly displayed in restaurants.
The research also reports on six functions of signs in Sidoarjo LL. The first is to provide information and regulation, then, to symbolize something. The third is to conserve the local language and the fourth is to show and introduce identities. Next is to show readiness to welcome international visitors and the last is to attract more customers in business.
To get more comprehensive understanding as to why English is used more frequently than Arabic and Javanese, and how the passers-by respond to the signs, future research may use interview or questionnaire as the instrument to gather more qualitative data that will enrich LL research.